Transdisciplinaridade entre psicologia e saúde pública, engajamento acadêmico na modalidade remota em época de pandemia / Transdisciplinarity between psychology and public health, academic engagement in remote modality during the pandemic era / Transdisciplinariedad entre psicología y salud pública, engagement académico en modalidad remota durante la era pandémica

OBJETIVO: Comparar o engajamento acadêmico durante a pandemia de COVID-19 em estudantes de duas universidades. METODOLOGIA: Estudo quantitativo, transversal, correlacional, analítico, utilizando a escala de engajamento acadêmico. A amostra foi composta por 650 alunos de psicologia, selecionados durante o ano de 2021 de forma não aleatória por conveniência, em duas universidades da Baixa Califórnia, México, uma privada e outra pública (319 e 331 alunos respectivamente), a escola privada com experiência anterior em educação à distância, e a segunda, com implantação de educação à distância emergencial durante a pandemia do COVID-19, a coleta de dados foi realizada virtualmente por meio de questionário. RESULTADOS: os alunos da universidade com experiência em educação à distância percebem, em média, um nível de engajamento acadêmico maior do que os universitários sem experiência em educação à distância. VALOR: A transdisciplinaridade de pesquisadores-acadêmicos nas áreas de psicologia e saúde coletiva trouxe evidências sobre a importância dos aspectos psicológicos (engajamento acadêmico) em novos paradigmas de pedagogia educacional (educação à distância), em meio a grandes problemas médico-epidemiológicos (pandemia de COVID-19). CONCLUSÕES: Concluiu-se que o nível de engajamento acadêmico dos alunos está vinculado à experiência anterior em educação à distância.

| OBJECTIVE: To compare academic engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic in students from two universities. METHODOLOGY: Quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational, analytical study, using the academic engagement scale. The sample was 650 undergraduate students in psychology, selected during the year 2021 in a non-random manner for convenience at two universities in Baja California, Mexico, one private and the other public (319 and 331 students respectively), the private school with experience previous in remote education, and the public school migrated to emergency remote education during the COVID-19 pandemic, data collection was carried out virtually through a questionnaire. RESULTS: University students with experience in remote education perceive on average a higher level of academic engagement than university students without experience in remote education. VALUE: The transdisciplinarity of researchers-academics in the areas of psychology and public health, provided evidence on the importance of psychological aspects (academic engagement) in new paradigms of educational pedagogy (remote education), in the midst of major medical-epidemiological problems (COVID 19 pandemic). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that the level of academic engagement of the students is linked to previous experience in remote education.

OBJETIVO: Comparar el engagement académico durante la pandemia COVID-19 en estudiantes de dos universidades. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal, correlacional, analítico, utilizando la escala engagement académico. La muestra fue de 650 estudiantes de licenciatura en psicología, seleccionados durante el año 2021 de manera no aleatoria por conveniencia en dos universidades de Baja California, México, una privada y la otra pública (319 y 331 alumnos respectivamente), la escuela privada con experiencia previa en educación remota, y la escuela pública migró a la educación remota de emergencia durante la pandemia COVID-19, la recolección de datos se realizó de manera virtual mediante un cuestionario. RESULTADOS: Los estudiantes de la universidad con experiencia en educación remota perciben en promedio mayor nivel de engagement académico que la universidad sin experiencia en educación remota. VALOR: La transdisciplinariedad de los investigadores-académicos en las áreas de psicología y salud pública, aportó evidencia sobre la importancia de aspectos psicológicos (engagement académico) en nuevos paradigmas de la pedagogía educativa (educación remota), en medio de grandes problemas médico-epidemiológicos (pandemia por COVID 19). CONCLUSIONES: Se concluye que el nivel de engagement académico de los alumnos se vincula a la experiencia previa en educación remota.

Conducta infiel y adicción a redes sociales en adultos de la selva peruana / Unfaithful behavior and addiction to social networks in adults from the Peruvian jungle

La adicción a las redes sociales potencia las probabilidades de infidelidad de pareja. Esta investi-gación tuvo el objetivo de determinar la relación entre conducta infiel y adicción a redes sociales en adultos de las áreas comerciales de Tarapoto, Lamas, San José de Sisa, Moyobamba y Naran-jos, región de la Amazonía Peruana, durante el primer cuatrimestre de 2021. Así, se desarrolló un estudio con diseño no experimental y tipo de investigación correlacional, en una muestra de 318 individuos con edades entre 20 y 40 años, a los que se aplicó el Inventario Multidimensional de Infidelidad y el Cuestionario de Adicción a Redes Sociales. El 62,3% de los participantes perteneció al sexo masculino, el 57,5% tenía edades entre 30 y 59 años, el 66,7% convivía con sus parejas sin estar casados y el 51,6% se encontraban en la segunda etapa de la relación de pareja. Existieron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en cuanto a la conducta infiel (U=6387,500; p<0,000). En este contexto, se observó un predominio del nivel medio de la adición a las redes sociales en los participantes y del bajo en las dimensiones de la conducta de infidelidad, estableciéndose correlación estadísticamente significativa entre ambas variables.

Addiction to social networks increases the chances of partner infidelity. This research aimed to determine the relationship between unfaithful behavior and addiction to social networks in adults from the commercial areas of Tarapoto, Lamas, San José de Sisa, Moyobamba, and Naranjos, in the Peruvian Amazon region, during the first four-month period of 2021. Thus, a study with a non-experimental design and correlational research type was developed in a sample of 318 individuals between 20 and 40 years old. The Multidimensional Infidelity Inventory and the Social Networks Addiction Questionnaire were applied. 62.3% of the participants were male, 57.5% were between 30 and 59 years old, 66.7% lived with their partners without marria-ge, and 51.6% were in the second stage of the couple relationship. There were significant diffe-rences between men and women regarding unfaithful behavior (U=6387,500; p<0.000). In this context, a predominance of the medium level of addiction to social networks in the participants and the low level in the dimensions of infidelity behavior were observed, establishing a statisti-cally significant correlation between both variables.

Sleep disturbance and association with social behavior in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore sleep disturbance in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and analyze the relationship between sleep disturbance and social behavior. MethodsFrom December, 2020 to December, 2022, 221 preschool children with ASD from Beijing Bo'ai Hospital and other two institutes, and 246 healthy preschool children socially recruited were investigated with Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). A total of 47 ASD children and 47 healthy children were selected from them to wear a sleep monitoring watch for seven days, while the ASD children were evaluated with Gesell Development Diagnosis Scale (GDDS), Psychoeducational Profile-Third Edition (PEP-3), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS), Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). ResultsAll the factor-scores were more in the ASD children than in the healthy children (t > 2.491, P < 0.05), except that of daytime sleepiness. The prevalence of sleep disturbance (CSHQ ≥ 41) was 89.6% in ASD children, which was more than that of the healthy children (76.8%) (χ2 = 13.360, P < 0.001). The sleep problems in ASD children included bedtime resistance, sleep anxiety, sleep duration, sleep onset delay, parasomnias and sleep disordered breathing. ASD children were shorter in total bedtime, shorter in total sleep time, longer in sleep latency, longer in awake time and lower in sleep efficiency (|t| > 2.001, P < 0.05), compared with those of healthy children. For ASD children, the total bedtime negatively correlated with GDDS-language, PEP-3-expressive language, PEP-3-communication and PEP-3-maladaptive behaviors (r < -0.300, P < 0.05); the sleep efficiency negatively correlated with total score of CARS (r = -0.365, P < 0.05); sleep latency correlated with GDDS-social, PEP-3-cognitive, PEP-3-expressive language, PEP-3-receptive language, PEP-3-visual-motor imitation, PEP-3-characteristic verbal behaviors, PEP-3-communication, original score of ADOS, ADOS-social affect, and total score of CARS (|r| > 2.90, P < 0.05); and total awake time positively correlated with total score of CARS (r = 0.406, P < 0.05). ConclusionSleep disturbance is prevalent and various in preschool ASD children, and influence their social behaviors.

Inhalation of Cananga odorata essential oil relieves anxiety behaviors in autism-like rats via regulation of serotonin and dopamine metabolism / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Anxiety is one of the most common symptoms associated with autistic spectrum disorder. The essential oil of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thomson, usually known as ylang-ylang oil (YYO), is often used in aromatherapy as a mood-regulating agent, sedative, or hypotensive agent. In the present study, the effects and mechanisms of YYO in alleviating anxiety, social and cognitive behaviors in autism-like rats were investigated.@*METHODS@#The prenatal valproic acid (VPA) model was used to induce autism-like behaviors in offspring rats. The effectiveness of prenatal sodium valproate treatment (600 mg/kg) on offspring was shown by postnatal growth observation, and negative geotaxis, olfactory discrimination and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Then three treatment groups were formed with varying exposure to atomized YYO to explore the effects of YYO on the anxiety, social and cognitive behaviors of the autistic-like offspring through the elevated plus-maze test, three-chamber social test, and MWM test. Finally, the monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine and their metabolites, in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the rats were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography.@*RESULTS@#Offspring of VPA exposure rats showed autism-like behaviors. In the VPA offspring, medium-dose YYO exposure significantly elevated the time and entries into the open arms in the elevated plus-maze test, while low-dose YYO exposure significantly enhanced the social interaction time with the stranger rat in session 1 of the three-chamber social test. VPA offspring treated with YYO exposure used less time to reach the platform in the navigation test of the MWM test. YYO exposure significantly elevated the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine in the PFC of VPA offspring.@*CONCLUSION@#YYO exposure showed the effects in alleviating anxiety and improving cognitive and social abilities in the offspring of VPA exposure rats. The role of YYO was related to the regulation of the metabolism of serotonin and dopamine. Please cite this article as: Zhang N, Wang ST, Yao L. Inhalation of Cananga odorata essential oil relieves anxiety behaviors in autism-like rats via regulation of serotonin and dopamine metabolism. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(2): 205-214.

"We want to hug a friend": the covid-19 pandemic among low-income adolescents / "A gente quer abraçar o amigo": a pandemia de covid-19 entre adolescentes de baixa renda

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine the perceptions of adolescent students from a public school, of both sexes, living in a peripheral region of the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in relation to the covid-19 pandemic, with a special focus on their experiences regarding education and sociability. METHODS This study is part of the Global Early Adolescent Study. Seven face-to-face focus groups were conducted with adolescents between 13 and 16 years old (19 girls and 15 boys) in 2021. RESULTS The experience of remote teaching was frustrating for the adolescents, without the daily and personalized monitoring of the teacher(s). In addition to the difficult or impossible access to devices and the lack of support from schools, there is also the domestic environment, which made the schooling process more difficult, especially for girls, who were forced to take on more household and family care tasks. The closed school blocked an important space for socialization and forced family interaction, generating conflicts and stress in the home environment. The abrupt rupture brought feelings of fear, uncertainty, anguish and loneliness. The iterative evocation of the words "stuck", "alone" and "loneliness" and the phrase "there was no one to talk to" shows how most of the adolescents experienced the period of distancing. The pandemic aggravated the objective and subjective conditions of preexisting feelings, such as "not knowing the future" and the prospects of a life project. CONCLUSION It has been documented how pandemic control measures implemented in a fragmented way and without support for the most impoverished families have negative effects on other spheres of life, in particular for poor young people. The school is a privileged territory to propose/construct actions that help adolescents to deal with problems aggravated in/by the pandemic.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Examinar as percepções de adolescentes estudantes de uma escola pública, de ambos os sexos, moradores de uma região periférica da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, em relação à pandemia de covid-19, com especial enfoque em suas experiências quanto à educação e sociabilidade. MÉTODOS Este estudo faz parte do Global Early Adolescent Study. Foram conduzidos sete grupos focais presenciais com adolescentes entre 13 e 16 anos (19 meninas e 15 meninos),em 2021. RESULTADOS A experiência do ensino remoto foi frustrante para as/os adolescentes, sem o acompanhamento cotidiano e personalizado de professoras(es). Ao acesso difícil ou impossível aos dispositivos e à ausência de suporte das escolas é acrescido o ambiente doméstico, que dificultou o processo de escolarização, em especial para as meninas, obrigadas a assumir mais tarefas de cuidado da casa e da família. A escola fechada bloqueou espaço importante de socialização e forçou o convívio familiar, gerando conflitos e estresse. A abrupta ruptura trouxe sentimentos de medo, incerteza, angústia e solidão. A evocação iterativa das palavras "presa/o", "sozinha/o" e "solidão" e da frase "não teve ninguém pra conversar" mostra como grande parte das/os adolescentes experienciou o período de distanciamento. A pandemia agravou as condições objetivas e subjetivas de sentimentos preexistentes, como "não saber o futuro" e as perspectivas de projeto de vida. CONCLUSÃO Foi documentado como medidas de controle da pandemia implementadas de forma fragmentada e sem suporte às famílias mais empobrecidas têm efeitos negativos em outras esferas da vida, em particular para jovens pobres. A escola é um território privilegiado para se propor/construir ações que auxiliem as/os adolescentes a lidar com problemas agravados na/pela pandemia.

Programa educativo para modificar la percepción de riesgo del VIH/sida en estudiantes de Medicina / Educational program to modify the risk perception of HIV/AIDS in medical students

Fundamento: actualmente son elevadas las cifras de jóvenes con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana y síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, lo cual impone la necesidad de disponer de amplia información, percibir la vulnerabilidad propia y la gravedad del riesgo de infección. Objetivo: diseñar una propuesta de programa educativo con orientación popular para la modificación de percepción de riesgo del VIH/sida en estudiantes becarios de primer año de Medicina, 2021-2022. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo, entre enero-diciembre de 2021. Se aplicaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y matemáticos. Se utilizó la variable percepción de riesgo, referida a la valoración del VIH/sida como amenaza para la salud de los seres humanos. Como instrumentos se manejó un cuestionario previamente validado. Resultados: el diagnóstico realizado teniendo en cuenta el nivel de información sobre el VIH/sida, vulnerabilidad y severidad percibidas, demostró insuficiencias en ambos sexos, con mayor frecuencia en el femenino; por lo que se diseñó un programa educativo basado en educación popular, estructurado en: título, introducción, justificación, objetivo general, metodología, evaluación y orientaciones de actividades, con el fin de modificar la percepción de riesgo del VIH/sida en la muestra. Conclusiones: fue valorado por un grupo de especialistas, quienes ofrecieron sugerencias para su optimización, aplicadas en su conformación definitiva, lo cual resultó de suma utilidad para el resultado de la investigación y su aplicación en contextos similares.

Background: currently there are high numbers of young people with human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which imposes the need to have extensive information, perceive one's own vulnerability and the severity of the risk for infection. Objective: to design a proposal for an educational program with popular orientation to modify the risk perception of HIV/AIDS in first-year medical scholarship students, 2021-2022. Methods: a development investigation was carried out from January to December 2021. Theoretical, empirical and mathematical methods were applied. The risk perception variable was used, referring to the assessment of HIV/AIDS as a threat to the health of human beings. A previously validated questionnaire was used as instruments. Results: the diagnosis carried out taking into account the level of information about HIV/AIDS, perceived vulnerability and severity, demonstrated insufficiencies in both sexes, more frequently in the female; Therefore, an educational program was designed based on popular education, structured in: title, introduction, justification, general objective, methodology, evaluation and guidelines for activities, in order to modify the perception of risk for HIV/AIDS in the sample. Conclusions: it was evaluated by a group of specialists, who offered suggestions for its optimization, applied in its final conformation, which was extremely useful for the results of the research and its application in similar contexts.

Percepciones de riesgo respecto a la transmisión de VIH/sida en estudiantes de Universidad de Chile / Risk perception regarding HIV/AIDS transmission among students from the University of Chile

Fundamento: mantenerse informados es un mediador influyente en las conductas de riesgo, mas no determinante. Conocerlo no es suficiente para traducirlo en conductas preventivas ya que existen otros factores que podrían influir en el comportamiento sexual, como la percepción de riesgo. Objetivo: determinar la percepción sobre el riesgo de contraer y/o transmitir VIH/sida, en estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile en el año 2020, desde una perspectiva de género. Métodos: se realizó una investigación cualitativa con enfoque fenomenológico, de tipo exploratorio descriptivo, a estudiantes de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile durante el año 2020. Se emplearon métodos teóricos: análisis-síntesis, inductivo-deductivo e histórico-lógico; y empíricos: entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas. Para obtener la información se aplicó el análisis narrativo de contenido. Resultados: los estudiantes demostraron tener conocimiento respecto a VIH/sida, sus mecanismos de transmisión, tratamiento y prevención. La mayoría dice usar métodos de barrera, aunque distinguen su uso entre relaciones casuales y estables. En las relaciones de pareja estable la percepción de riesgo parece ser menor, asociada el no uso de preservativo por confianza y placer, entre otros. Conclusiones: el manejo teórico del tema no logra ser suficiente para que la autopercepción de riesgo sea incrementada y se adopten conductas preventivas. Conocer los elementos que influyen en la percepción de riesgo es relevante para lograr programas de educación sexual efectivos, considerando factores socioculturales además de la entrega de información.

Background: being updated is an influencial mediator of risk behaviors, but it is not determinant. To know the risk is not enough to put in practice prevetive behaviors since there are others factors that could influence upon sexual behavior, as the risk perception. Objective: to determine the perception about the risk of getting and/or transmitting HIV / AIDS, among students from the University of Chile, Faculty of Medicine, 2020, and with a gender perspective. Methods: a qualitative research with a phenomenological approach of descriptive exploratory type, with students from the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Chile, was carried out in 2020. Theoretical methods were used: analysis-synthesis, inductive-deductive and historical-logical methods; and empirical ones: semi-structured individual interviews. To get the information, narrative content analysis was applied. Results: students showed their knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS, the mechanisms of transmission, treatment and prevention of it. Most of them refer using barrier methods, although they distinguish the use of it depending on what if it is a casual or stable relationship. In case of stable relationships, the perception of risk seems to be lower, associated with the non-use of condoms for trust and pleasure, among others. Conclusions: the theoretical management of the topic is not sufficient for the increase of self-perception risk and preventive behaviors be adopted. Knowing the elements that influence on risk perception is relevant to achieve effective sexual education programs, taking into account sociocultural factors in addition to the communication of information.

Estudo-piloto de validação do instrumento Cartoon Test no contexto brasileiro / Pilot study for the validation of the Cartoon Test for the Brazilian context / Estudio piloto de validación del instrumento Cartoon Test en el contexto brasileño

O Cartoon Test é um instrumento que analisa a percepção de crianças e adolescentes acerca do significado de bullying por meio de cenas de interação entre pares no ambiente escolar. Este estudo qualitativo exploratório constitui a segunda etapa de validação do instrumento no Brasil, com os objetivos de verificar se os participantes compreendem as imagens e legendas dos cartoons e que palavras são utilizadas para descrever os comportamentos inadequados. Foram realizados oito grupos focais, com 52 alunos, com idades de oito e 14 anos, de duas cidades do Rio Grande do Sul. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Questionário sociodemográfico, Folha de registro do pesquisador e Cartoon Test. Realizou-se análise de conteúdo para tratamento dos dados. Os resultados indicaram que o instrumento foi compreendido pelos participantes e o termo bullying foi o mais utilizado para descrever situações agressivas. Para as crianças, sugere-se a redução no número de cartoons, visando evitar a exaustão.(AU)

The Cartoon Test is an instrument that analyzes the perception of children and adolescents about the meaning of bullying through scenes of interaction between peers in the school environment. This qualitative exploratory study is the second phase of validation of the instrument in Brazil. The aim is to verify whether the participants understand both the images and captions of the cartoons and to record the words used to describe the inappropriate behaviors. Eight focus groups were carried out, with 52 students, aged between eight and 14 years, from two cities in Rio Grande do Sul. The instruments used were: sociodemographic questionnaire, record sheet and Cartoon Test. Content analysis was performed. The results showed that the instrument was understood by all the participants and bullying was the word most used to describe the aggressive situations. A reduction in the number of cartoons administered to children is suggested, in order to avoid exhaustion.(AU)

El Cartoon Test es un instrumento que analiza la percepción de niños y adolescentes a respeto del significado de bullying por medio de una escena de interacción entre pares en el ambiente escolar. Este estudio cualitativo exploratorio constituye la segunda etapa de validación del instrumento en Brasil, con el objetivo de verificar que los participantes comprenden las imágenes y leyendas de los cartoons y qué palabras son utilizadas para describir comportamientos inapropiados. Fueron realizados ocho grupos focales, con 52 alumnos, con edades entre ocho y 14 años, de dos ciudades de Rio Grande do Sul. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: Cuestionario Sociodemográfico, Ficha de Registro del Investigador y Cartoon Test. Se llevo a cabo un análisis de contenido para procesar los datos. Los resultados indicaron que el instrumento fue comprendido por los participantes y el termo bullying fue lo más empleado para describir situaciones agresivas. Para los niños, se sugiere la reducción en el número de cartoons, para evitar el agotamiento.(AU)

La salud como representación social: el fenómeno de la salud dentro de la cotidianidad de las personas migrantes nicaragüenses en Costa Rica / Health as a social representation: The phenomenon of health within the daily life of nicaraguan migrants in Costa Rica

Resumen Introducción: la salud está cargada de simbolismos y manifestaciones prácticas que difieren según los grupos sociales y los contextos socioculturales. Con el fin de visibilizar la cotidianidad y las necesidades, el paradigma teórico de las representaciones sociales aporta las bases teórico-metodológicas pertinentes para comprender los conocimientos de sentido común asociados a la salud entre la población migrante nicaragüense en Costa Rica. Metodología: estudio de abordaje cualitativo y enfoque etnográfico con el fin de identificar la representación social de la salud por medio de los procesos de la objetivación y el anclaje presentes entre las personas migrantes nicaragüenses radicadas en Costa Rica. Datos recolectados por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas, observación participante y diarios de campo. Procesamiento según análisis de contenido. Resultados: la representación social de la salud hallada se comporta de manera análoga a una fórmula, en donde la búsqueda de ambientes pacíficos se suma a la consecución de estabilidad financiera para dar como resultado dos representaciones interdependientes: 1) salud como fuerza físico-mental y 2) salud como sensación futura y abstracta de bienestar, felicidad y trascendencia. Los antecedentes socio-políticos en Nicaragua, el proceso migratorio, y la adaptación a Costa Rica juegan un rol preponderante en dicha conformación. Conclusión: las representaciones sociales sobre la salud poseen implicaciones prácticas directas sobre los modos de vida y las necesidades de los colectivos migrantes. Comprender su conocimiento de sentido común permite avanzar hacia políticas públicas más contextualizadas. Se recomienda mayor integración de los pensamientos, las opiniones y los sentimientos de las personas migrantes en plataformas de toma de decisiones

Abstract Introduction. Health is loaded with symbolisms and practical manifestations that differ according to social groups and sociocultural contexts. In order to make everyday life and needs visible, the Theoretical Paradigm of Social Representations provides the theoretical-methodological bases necessary to understand the common sense knowledge associated with health among the Nicaraguan migrant population in Costa Rica. Methodology: Qualitative study with ethnographic approach that aimed to identify the social representation of health, through the process of objectification, present among Nicaraguan migrants living in Costa Rica. Data collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and field diaries. Processing according to Content Analysis. Results: The social representation of health found behaves analogously to a formula; where, the search for peaceful environments is added to the achievement of financial stability to result in two interdependent representations: 1) Health as physical-mental strength; and 2) Health as a future and abstract sensation of well-being, happiness and transcendence. The socio-political antecedents in Nicaragua, the migratory process, and the adaptation to Costa Rica play a preponderant role in shaping the representation on health. Conclusion: Social representations about health have direct practical implications on the ways of life and needs of migrant groups. Understanding their common sense knowledge allows to move towards more contextualized public policies. More integration of the thoughts, opinions and feelings of migrants in decision-making platforms is recommended.

Elementos constitutivos da masculinidade ensinados/apreendidos na infância e adolescência de homens que estão sendo processados criminalmente por violência contra a mulher/parceira / Constituent elements of masculinity taught/learned in childhood and adolescence of men who are being criminally prosecuted for violence against women/partners

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender os elementos constitutivos da masculinidade ensinados/apreendidos na infância/adolescência e reproduzidos por homens em processo criminal por violência conjugal. Utilizou-se como referencial metodológico a história oral de vida. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 13 homens em processo criminal por violência conjugal. Os dados foram organizados segundo análise de conteúdo temática categorial e interpretados à luz do referencial teórico sobre masculinidade. Com base na oralidade masculina, os elementos constitutivos da masculinidade que foram ensinados/apreendidos na infância e adolescência e reproduzidos por homens em processo criminal por violência conjugal perpassaram pela infidelidade, supervalorização do trabalho, provisão familiar, imposição de normas familiares e detenção de poder em relação a mulher. Considerando que esses elementos se encontram arraigados no modelo hegemônico, urgem ações preventivas com enfoque no comprometimento social, financeiro e para a saúde.

Abstract The scope of this article was to understand the constituent elements of masculinity taught/learnt in childhood/adolescence and reproduced by men in criminal proceedings for conjugal violence. Oral Life History was used as a methodological reference. Interviews were conducted with 13 men in criminal proceedings for domestic violence. The data were organized according to thematic content analysis and interpreted in the light of the theoretical framework on masculinity. Based on male orality, the constitutive elements of masculinity that were taught/learnt in childhood and adolescence and reproduced by men in criminal proceedings for conjugal violence went through infidelity, overvaluation of work, family provisioning, imposition of family norms and dominance of power in relation to women. Considering that these elements are rooted in the hegemonic model, preventive actions with a focus on social, financial and health commitment are a pressing requirement.

Perinatal exposure to an aromatase inhibitor glyphosate-base herbicide reduced male and female social behavior in juvenile age and the sexual behavior at adult female rats / Exposição perinatal ao inibidor da aromatase a base de glifosato reduz o comportamento social de machos e fêmeas e o comportamento sexual de ratas

Objectives: The herbicide glyphosate, a pesticide used in agriculture to control weeds, both in food crops and in other agricultural areas, has been identified as an endocrine modulator through the inhibition of aromatase activity and the activation of estrogen receptors. The present study examined the effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide (Roundup® (GLY-BH) on sexual dimorphism of rats after perinatal exposure to low and high GLY-BH in males and females offspring. Methods: Two groups of pregnant rats were treated with two doses of GLY-BH (50 or 150 mg/kg) from day 15 of gestation (GD15) to postnatal day 7 (PND7). Play fighting behavior was observed at the juvenile stage and during social and sexual behaviors in adulthood. Results: Perinatal GLY-BH exposure reduced male and female body weight at 28, 75, and 90 days of age. The play fighting behavior was decreased in both sexes, but female rats were more affected. The sexual behaviors were reduced only in females. Conclusions: Perinatal exposure to both doses of GLY-BH promoted sexually dimorphic effects in both juvenile and adulthood stages. These effects were attributed to the inhibition of aromatase activity induced by exposure to GLY-BH in the perinatal period.(AU)

Objetivos: O glifosato é um herbicida não seletivo, usado em muitas culturas alimentares e não alimentares e em áreas não agrícolas, sendo que os produtos a base de glifosato atuam como moduladores das funções endócrinas por meio da inibição da atividade da aromatase e da ativação de receptores de estrógeno. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos do herbicida Roundup® (GLY-BH) à base de glifosato, em comportamentos sexualmente dimórficos de ratos após exposição perinatal a doses baixas e altas de GLY-BH no período perinatal. Métodos: Ratas prenhas foram tratadas com 50 ou 150 mg/kg de GLY-BH do 15º dia de gestação (GD15) ao 7º dia de lactação (LD7). O comportamento de luta/brincar foi observado na fase juvenil e os comportamentos social e sexual na idade adulta. Resultados: a exposição perinatal a GLY-BH reduziu o peso corporal de machos e fêmeas aos 28, 75 e 90 dias de idade. O comportamento de luta/brincar diminuiu em ambos os sexos, sendo as ratas foram as mais afetadas. O comportamento sexual foi reduzido apenas nas fêmeas. Conclusões: A exposição perinatal a ambas as doses do GLY- BH promoveu tanto na idade juvenil como na idade adulta, efeitos sexualmente dimórficos. Esses efeitos foram atribuídos à inibição da atividade da aromatase induzida exposição perinatal ao GLY-BH.(AU)

Research progress on the relationship between campus bullying and social status at school / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#According to the traditional view, campus bullying is a kind of intentional injury behavior. However, recent research indicates that campus bullying is also purpose oriented, and teenagers may intend to gain social status at school through bullying perpetration. Adolescents status acquisition strategies (bullying and prosocial behavior) and status evaluation methods (social preference and perceived popularity) interact with each other. This process is closely related to adolescents peer group, developmental stage, personality traits, and beliefs. Prevention of campus bullying involves identifying and targeting status oriented bullies with targeted interventions.

A construção da sociabilidade no crossfit: corpos coletivamente individualizados / La construcción de la sociabilidad en el crossfit: cuerpos colectivamente individualizados / The construction of sociability in crossfit: collectively individualized bodies

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a construção das sociabilidades no CrossFit, como um meio de captar os valores e práticas inerentes ao investimento corporal nessa modalidade. Para tanto, com base na abordagem socioantropológica, observaram-se as práticas corporais em campo e analisaram-se as representações dadas a elas pelos sujeitos, por meio da observação participante de um box oficial na cidade do Rio de Janeiro e de entrevistas com praticantes de CrossFit de boxes oficiais do Rio de Janeiro. Como principais resultados, notou-se que a sociabilidade no CrossFit é permeada por valores de superação, solidariedade, comparação e competição entre os sujeitos e consigo mesmo. Conclui-se que apesar desta prática corporal ser coletiva/em grupo, os objetivos e as responsabilidades dentro do campo são individualizados, de modo que os sujeitos sejam instigados a se aprimorarem e se superarem constantemente. (AU)

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la construcción de las sociabilidades en el CrossFit, como medio de captar los valores y prácticas inherentes a la inversión corporal en esa modalidad. Para ello, con base en el enfoque socioantropológico, se observaron las prácticas corporales en campo y se analizaron las representaciones dadas por los sujetos a las mismas, a través de la observación participante de un box oficial en la ciudad de Rio de Janeiro y de entrevistas con practicantes de CrossFit de boxes oficiales de Rio de Janeiro. Como principales resultados, se observó que la sociabilidad en el CrossFit está permeada de valores de superación, solidaridad, comparación y competencia entre los sujetos y con sí mismo. Se concluye que a pesar de que la práctica es colectiva/en grupo, los objetivos y responsabilidades dentro del campo son individualizados, por lo que los sujetos son instigados a superarse y a mejorar constantemente. (AU)

The aim of the study was to analyze the construction of sociabilities in CrossFit, as a means of capturing the values and practices inherent to the body investment in this modality. Therefore, based on the socio-anthropological approach, in order to observe bodily practices in the field and analyze the representations given by the subjects to the practice, participant observation from a CrossFit box in the city of Rio de Janeiro and interviews with CrossFitters from official boxes in Rio de Janeiro was used. As the main results, it was noted that sociability in CrossFit is permeated by values of overcoming, solidarity, comparison and competition between subjects and with themselves. It is concluded that despite the practice being collective/in a group, the objectives and responsibilities within the field are individualized so that the subjects are instigated to constantly overcome themselves. (AU)

Bidirectional genetic selection of behaviors involved in social interaction of Wistar rats

Bidirectional selection is a procedure in which an arbitrary characteristic is chosen as a selection criterion and animals exhibiting more of this characteristic are bred in one group and animals exhibiting less are bred in another group. The procedure is repeated along generations until the selected characteristic becomes stable, resulting in two strains that are opposite in relation to the chosen characteristic. The present study aimed at selectively breeding rats exhibiting either a high or a low tendency to socialize by using the proximity test. We tested male and female Wistar rats in a square open field with a communicating birdcage, separated by a grid, containing a co-specific rat and coupled on the outside. Subjects that remained more time in front of the birdcage, interacting with the co-specific rat were bred in a group considered of high sociability (SOC+). Likewise, subjects that remained little time in front of the birdcage, with little interaction with the co-specific rat, were bred in a second group considered of low sociability (SOC-). By the 10th generation, the bidirectional selection resulted in SOC+ rats that spent a large amount of time in front of the cage sniffing and rearing in interaction with the co-specific rat and spent less time in the corners, exploring and grooming. It also resulted in SOC- rats that spent a small amount of time in front of the cage sniffing and rearing in interaction with the co-specific rat and spent more time in the corners and used most of their time grooming.

Inhibiting silence information regulator 2 and glutaminase in the amygdala can improve social behavior in autistic rats / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms by which silence information regulator (SIRT) 2 and glutaminase (GLS) in the amygdala regulate social behaviors in autistic rats.@*METHODS@#Rat models of autism were established by maternal sodium valproic acid (VPA) exposure in wild-type rats and SIRT2-knockout ( SIRT2 -/-) rats. Glutamate (Glu) content, brain weight, and expression levels of SIRT2, GLS proteins and apoptosis-associated proteins in rat amygdala at different developmental stages were examined, and the social behaviors of VPA rats were assessed by a three-chamber test. Then, lentiviral overexpression or interference vectors of GLS were injected into the amygdala of VPA rats. Brain weight, Glu content and expression level of GLS protein were measured, and the social behaviors assessed.@*RESULTS@#Brain weight, amygdala Glu content and the levels of SIRT2, GLS protein and pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 in the amygdala were increased in VPA rats, while the level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was decreased (all P<0.01). Compared with the wild-type rats, SIRT2 -/- rats displayed decreased expression of SIRT2 and GLS proteins in the amygdala, reduced Glu content, and improved social dysfunction (all P<0.01). Overexpression of GLS increased brain weight and Glu content, and aggravated social dysfunction in VPA rats (all P<0.01). Knockdown of GLS decreased brain weight and Glu content, and improved social dysfunction in VPA rats (all P<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The glutamate circulatory system in the amygdala of VPA induced autistic rats is abnormal. This is associated with the upregulation of SIRT2 expression and its induced increase of GLS production; knocking out SIRT2 gene or inhibiting the expression of GLS is helpful in maintaining the balanced glutamate cycle and in improving the social behavior disorder of rats.

Associação entre capital social e bullying em adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos: relações entre o ambiente escolar e social / Association between social capital and bullying among adolescents aged between 15 and 19: relations between the school and social environment

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre capital social e bullying em adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos em escolas do ensino médio na Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Foi realizado um inquérito epidemiológico seccional de base escolar, com amostra formada por 2.293 estudantes, estratificada por município de localização escolar. Foram executadas estatísticas descritivas e inferenciais a partir de dois instrumentos: o "Questionário integrado para medir capital social do Banco Mundial" e o "Olweus bully/victim questionnaire", em versões adaptadas. Os resultados demostraram que as vítimas de bullying tiveram maiores chances de apresentar baixo nível de capital social cognitivo (p = 0,001; OR = 1,9; IC 95% = 1,29-2,68), subjacente (p = 0,002; OR = 1,7; IC 95% = 1,20-2,38) e total (p < 0,001; OR = 1,80; IC 95% = 1,32-2,59). Os agressores de bullying foram associados a baixos níveis de capital social cognitivo (p < 0,001; OR = 3,2; IC 95% = 2,34-4,44) e total (p = 0,042; OR = 1,7; IC 95% = 1,24-2,27). Elevados níveis de capital social estão relacionados à redução dos comportamentos de vitimização e de agressão por bullying. Portanto, deve-se promover relações sociais saudáveis nos espaços de convivência comum dos adolescentes para estimular outras reações positivas nos ambientes escolares.

Abstract The scope of this study was to analyze the association between social capital and bullying among adolescents aged 15 to 19 years, in high schools in the Greater Vitória Metropolitan Area in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. A cross-sectional epidemiological survey was carried out at the school base, with a sample of 2293 students, stratified by municipality of school location. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed using two instruments: Integrated Questionnaire to Measure Social Capital of the World Bank and adapted versions of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. The results showed that victims of bullying were more likely to present low level of cognitive social capital (p = 0.001; OR = 1.9, 95%CI = 1.29-2.68), underlying (p = 0.002; OR = 1.7, 95%CI = 1.20-2.38) and total (p < 0.001; OR = 1.80, 95%CI = 1.32-2.59). Bullying offenders were associated with low levels of cognitive social capital (p < 0.001; OR = 3.2, 95%CI = 2.34-4.44) and total (p = 0.042; OR = 1.7, 95%CI = 1.24-2.27). High levels of social capital are related to the reduction of bullying and victimization behaviors. Therefore, healthy social relationships should be promoted in the spaces of mutual coexistence of adolescents to stimulate other positive reactions in school environments.

Transtorno de personalidade borderline em homens: uma revisão integrativa / Borderline personality disorder in men: an integrative review

OBJETIVO: Apresentar e sistematizar as principais evidências científicas a respeito do transtorno de personalidade borderline em homens (TPB). MÉTODO: Durante o período de abril de 2021, realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura científica acerca da temática em questão, sendo utilizados os descritores indexados no DeCS: Transtorno da Personalidade Borderline; Transtorno da Personalidade Limítrofe; Masculino; Fatores Desencadeantes; Cognição; Neurobiologia; Comportamento Social. Para realizar a pesquisa, os descritores foram combinados nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs e EBCS nos sites de Busca Pubmed e na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde ­ BVS. RESULTADOS: Foi possível identificar algumas alterações comportamentais, de humor e neuropsicológicas em homens com TPB. Dentre as alterações comportamentais, a mais prevalente foi a agressão (37,5% dos artigos). Do mesmo modo, a alteração de humor mais encontrada foi a desregulação emocional (12,5% dos artigos), muito comum em pacientes com TPB; igualmente, as alterações a nível neuropsicológico com maior quantidade de achados envolvem alterações na região da amígdala (20,83% dos artigos), córtex (16,66% dos artigos), bem como o hipocampo (16,66% dos artigos), regiões essenciais para o controle do humor e tomada de decisão. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível concluir que existem algumas alterações comportamentais, de humor e neuropsicológicas que são mais prevalentes no gênero masculino, sobretudo aquelas que envolvem agressão, raiva e seus fatores neuropsicológicos associados. Dito isso, considera-se que a sistematização dessas informações contribui na identificação e controle dos casos de TPB em homens, assim como colabora para o desenvolvimento científico do campo da psicopatologia em relação aos processos que envolvem tal patologia.

OBJECTIVE: To present and systematize the main scientific evidence regarding borderline personality disorder (BPD) in men. METHOD: During April 2021, there was an integrative review of the scientific literature on the subject in question, using the descriptors indexed in the DeCS: Borderline Personality Disorder; Male; Precipitating Factors; Cognition; Neurobiology; Social Behavior. To perform a search, the descriptors were combined in the Medline, Lilacs, and EBCS databases on the search site Pubmed and the Virtual Health Library ­ VHL. RESULTS: It was possible to identify some behavioral, mood, and neuropsychological changes in men with BPD. Among behavioral changes, the most prevalent is aggression (37.5% of articles). Likewise, the mood alteration most commonly found was emotional dysregulation (12.5% of the articles), very common in patients with BPD; similarly, the neuropsychological alterations with the highest number of findings involve alterations in the amygdala region (20.83% of the articles), cortex (16.66% of the articles), and the hippocampus (16.66% of the articles), essential regions for mood control and decision making. CONCLUSION: It was possible to conclude that there are some behavioral, mood, and neuropsychological changes that are more prevalent in males, especially those that involve aggression, anger, and their associated neuropsychological factors. That said, it is considered that the systematization of this information contributes to the identification and control of cases of BPD in men and contributes to the scientific development of the field of psychopathology concerning the processes involving such pathology.

O fanatismo como sobrevivência psíquica durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Fanaticism as psychic survival during the COVID-19 pandemic

Contextos de crise, como o atual momento de pandemia da COVID-19, parecem estar associados com o aumento do fanatismo. O artigo aborda as origens do pensamento fanático, em nível social e individual, a partir de períodos históricos de recrudescimento do fanatismo, analisando-se os significados psicodinâmicos que podem estar vinculados a posições rígidas e extremadas, além de conceitos psicanalíticos acerca de estados mentais primitivos latentes. Da mesma forma, discute-se sobre o fenômeno das fake news e da perversão como traço marcante no "pensar fanático". Por fim, conclui-se que o fanatismo pode atuar como uma defesa possível à sobrevivência psíquica em determinados contextos de crise, e, ainda, que as capacidades de pensar, empatizar e amar são alternativas a esse desfecho.(AU)

Crisis contexts, such as the coronavirus pandemic, seem to be associated with the augmentation of fanaticism. The article discusses the origins of fanatic thinking, on a social and individual level, from periods in the history of fanaticisms upsurge, analyzing the psychodynamic meanings that could be linked to rigid and extreme positions, beyond psychoanalytic concepts about primitive mental states. In the same way, it discusses the phenomenon of fake news and perversion as an important feature in "fanatical thinking". Finally, it concludes that fanaticism could act as a possible defense to psychic survival in particular contexts of crisis, and that the ability to think, empathize and love are alternatives to this outcome.(AU)

Contextos de crisis, como el actual momento pandémico de COVID-19, parecen estar asociados con el aumento del fanatismo. El artículo analiza los orígenes del pensamiento fanático, a nivel social e individual, considerando períodos históricos de creciente fanatismo y analizando los significados psicodinámicos que pueden vincularse a posiciones rígidas y extremas, además de conceptos psicoanalíticos sobre estados mentales primitivos. De la misma forma, se discute sobre el fenómeno de las fake news y la perversión como característica del pensamiento fanático. Se concluye que el fanatismo puede actuar como una posible defensa para la supervivencia psíquica en determinados contextos de crisis, y también que la capacidad de pensar, empatizar y amar son alternativas a este desenlace.(AU)

Caracterización psicosocial y criminológica de adolescentes chilenos con prácticas abusivas sexuales / Psychosocial and criminological characterization of Chilean adolescents with sexually abusive behavior / Caracterização psicossocial e criminológica de adolescentes chilenos com comportamentos sexuais abusivos

Resumen (analítico) El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las variables psicosociales y criminológicas asociadas a los adolescentes que desarrollan prácticas abusivas sexuales (PAS), en función de la edad de las víctimas. Mediante un diseño no experimental y transversal, con características descriptivas y correlacionales, se analizan antecedentes psicosociales y criminológicos de 232 adolescentes varones que han realizado PAS. Los resultados indican diferencias estadísticas significativas entre los adolescentes que cometen PAS contra víctimas menores, en contraste con quienes abusan de víctimas pares, tanto en las variables psicosociales (trayectoria escolar e historial de victimizaciones) como en las variables criminológicas (contexto de la práctica abusiva sexual y relación adolescente-víctima). Finalmente, se discuten los resultados en relación con la evidencia internacional y las implicaciones de la generación de conocimientos sobre la temática.

Abstract (analytical) The aim of this study is to characterize the psychosocial and criminological variables associated with adolescents who develop sexually abusive behavior, depending on the age of the victims. Psychosocial and criminological data were collected from 232 male adolescents who have demonstrated sexually abusive behavior. This data was analyzed using a non-experimental, cross-sectional design with descriptive and correlational characteristics. The results indicate statistically significant differences between adolescents who offended against a child victim versus adolescents who offended against a peer-aged victim, both in psychosocial variables (school history and history of victimization) and criminological variables (context of sexually abusive behavior and adolescent-victim relationship). The results are discussed in relation to international evidence and the implications of generating knowledge in this area.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar as variáveis psicossociais e criminológicas associadas a adolescentes que desenvolvem comportamentos sexuais abusivos, dependendo da idade das vítimas. A partir de um delineamento transversal não experimental com características descritivas e correlacionais, foi analisado o histórico psicossocial e criminológico de 232 adolescentes do sexo masculino que praticaram comportamento sexual abusivo. Os resultados indicam diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os adolescentes que cometem abuso sexual contra menores e os que cometem contra vítimas de idade semelhante, tanto em variáveis psicossociais (histórico escolar e histórico de vitimizações) quanto em variáveis criminológicas (contexto de comportamento sexual abusivo e relacionamento adolescente-vítima). Por fim, os resultados são discutidos em relação às evidências internacionais e as implicações da geração de conhecimentos na área.